SoundCtrl » legal http://www.soundctrl.com/blog Where Music and Tech Meet Thu, 30 May 2013 20:19:16 +0000 en hourly 1 http://wordpress.org/?v=3.3.1 Fred Wilson Advocates a Roaming Network for Music Subscription Services http://www.soundctrl.com/blog/2013/04/05/fred-wilson-advocates-a-roaming-network-for-music-subscription-services/ http://www.soundctrl.com/blog/2013/04/05/fred-wilson-advocates-a-roaming-network-for-music-subscription-services/#comments Fri, 05 Apr 2013 19:13:42 +0000 SoundCtrl http://www.soundctrl.com/blog/?p=7965 Fred Wilson of Union Square Ventures recently posted a piece on his blog AVC outlining the potential for a roaming network which would connect all music streaming services such as Spotify, Rdio, XBOX Music, Rhapsody, Daisy, etc. Wilson compares the idea to how banks create networks to offer customers more ATM choices or how mobile carrier [...]

Fred Wilson of Union Square Ventures recently posted a piece on his blog AVC outlining the potential for a roaming network which would connect all music streaming services such as Spotify, Rdio, XBOX Music, Rhapsody, Daisy, etc.

Wilson compares the idea to how banks create networks to offer customers more ATM choices or how mobile carrier services often open their wifi networks to customers of competing carrier services – “Roaming is a great solution to the problem when multiple businesses offer a proprietary commodity service. The customer is forced to choose one provider but in effect the service is identical from vendor to vendor.”

It’s an interesting model… Spotify and Rdio do offer a very similar means to access a very similar catalogue. Opening the gates would certainly help music listeners connect with each other, discover new music and increase plays across the streaming platforms. But would it really be in the best interest of these services to open their doors to the competition? By allowing users to play on other playgrounds, does a company run the risk of the user not coming home for dinner?

Read up on Wilson’s theory here. Definitely a concept worth exploring and opens to broader conversation of how these companies will need to continue to innovate in order to increase accessibility, choice and convenience across the board for their listeners.

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http://www.soundctrl.com/blog/2013/04/05/fred-wilson-advocates-a-roaming-network-for-music-subscription-services/feed/ 0 Ghost Beach Opens Up About Times Square Billboard on Piracy http://www.soundctrl.com/blog/2013/04/02/ghost-beach-opens-up-about-times-square-billboard-on-piracy/ http://www.soundctrl.com/blog/2013/04/02/ghost-beach-opens-up-about-times-square-billboard-on-piracy/#comments Tue, 02 Apr 2013 19:08:30 +0000 SoundCtrl http://www.soundctrl.com/blog/?p=7920 Last week, we posted an article from Ben Sisario via The New York Times about a mysterious billboard that had appeared above the American Eagle Outfitters in Times Square. The $50,000 advertising spot wasn’t being used to promote new spring arrivals… it had been given to New York-based “tropical grit pop” duo Ghost Beach, whose single [...]

Last week, we posted an article from Ben Sisario via The New York Times about a mysterious billboard that had appeared above the American Eagle Outfitters in Times Square. The $50,000 advertising spot wasn’t being used to promote new spring arrivals… it had been given to New York-based “tropical grit pop” duo Ghost Beach, whose single ‘Miracle’ was recently licensed for a AEO commercial spot. But rather than opting for a splashy promo pic and a call to action to download said single, the band chose to use this opportunity to shine a light on piracy debate from an artist’s perspective.

The band has opened up to Billboard.biz about the decision to launch the online campaign called Artists Vs. Artists on Twitter and at artistsvsartists.com. Perhaps surprisingly, according to the responses submitted thus far, #artistsforpiracy is more heavily supported than #artistsagainstpiracy (although consumers and fans have been weighing in as well).

Check out Ghost Beach’s guest post HERE and if you’re an artist, let them know what piracy means to you.

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http://www.soundctrl.com/blog/2013/04/02/ghost-beach-opens-up-about-times-square-billboard-on-piracy/feed/ 0 Court Rules Reselling Digital Music is Copyright Infringement http://www.soundctrl.com/blog/2013/04/02/court-rules-reselling-digital-music-is-copyright-infringement/ http://www.soundctrl.com/blog/2013/04/02/court-rules-reselling-digital-music-is-copyright-infringement/#comments Tue, 02 Apr 2013 14:17:33 +0000 SoundCtrl http://www.soundctrl.com/blog/?p=7915 By Ben Sisario via The New York Times “A federal judge in New York has dealt a blow to the nascent business of reselling digital goods like music and e-books, ruling that a small company’s secondary market for digital music infringes on the copyrights controlled by record companies. The company, ReDigi, opened an online platform [...]

By Ben Sisario via The New York Times

“A federal judge in New York has dealt a blow to the nascent business of reselling digital goods like music and e-books, ruling that a small company’s secondary market for digital music infringes on the copyrights controlled by record companies.

The company, ReDigi, opened an online platform in late 2011 that allowed people to upload and resell songs they had bought from online retailers like Apple’s iTunes. ReDigi said its technology deleted the original file once a copy was put up for sale, but the major record labels were skeptical, and Capitol Records sued in early 2012.

The case has been closely watched as a test of whether the first sale doctrine — the legal principle that someone who owns a copy of a copyrighted work, like a book or album, is free to resell it — can be applied to digital goods.

In an order dated Saturday, Judge Richard J. Sullivan of United States District Court in Manhattan ruled that ReDigi was liable for copyright infringement, and seemed entirely unmoved by ReDigi’s arguments.”

To view full article, visit www.nytimes.com

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http://www.soundctrl.com/blog/2013/04/02/court-rules-reselling-digital-music-is-copyright-infringement/feed/ 0 Pandora and the Internet Radio Fairness Act http://www.soundctrl.com/blog/2012/10/23/pandora-internet-radio-fairness-act/ http://www.soundctrl.com/blog/2012/10/23/pandora-internet-radio-fairness-act/#comments Tue, 23 Oct 2012 15:19:13 +0000 SoundCtrl http://www.soundctrl.com/blog/?p=6223 By Jason Bookman It’s not a secret that music costs money – or at least it costs someone money. Who that someone is depends entirely on the service that you use to listen to music. After the dust more or less settled onto a new landscape, the enterprising, creative minds out there realized that a [...]

By Jason Bookman

It’s not a secret that music costs money – or at least it costs someone money. Who that someone is depends entirely on the service that you use to listen to music. After the dust more or less settled onto a new landscape, the enterprising, creative minds out there realized that a niche existed for a legal service that pays the artists their share while remaining free to the consumer – enter Pandora, the streaming internet radio service. Pandora’s rollercoaster ride from success to near implosion and back again is well documented, but the newly proposed Internet Radio Fairness Act may be the final piece of the puzzle that could cement Pandora’s longevity as a viable service. Tim Westregren and company have called on their army of devoted users to help lobby to pass the bill, but not everyone is excited about that prospect. Here’s how everything breaks down.

Every service that distributes music is required by law to pay the people who own the rights to the music, but the amount of money required to be paid out depends on the service being used. For example, songwriters get paid 9.1¢ every time someone downloads a copy of their song from iTunes, Amazon, or any other service where you actually acquire a file that is stored on your hard drive. That same song only costs Pandora roughly .19¢ to stream instead of send as a download, but the difference is that millions of people could potentially stream that song many times. The download that pays 9.1¢ happens only once.

The reason I said “roughly” earlier is because Pandora, under the current laws, is required to pay a percentage of their yearly earnings out as performance royalties, a fraction that breaks down by the number of songs in Pandora’s catalog multiplied by the number of plays over that total yearly earnings. Pandora and other streaming services pay over 50% of revenues in performance royalties, while cable providers pay close to 15%, and satellite radio providers like Sirius XM pay somewhere between 8 and 10% But as we all know, percentages can be misleading when you don’t know from what the percentage is being taken.

Pandora has only been a publicly traded company since June of 2011, so their yearly earnings are not available for much of their life in the public pool. However, we can see based on estimates of their quarterly earnings for the last four fiscal quarters that the company took in roughly $304.1 million in earnings, according to Bloomberg. Sirius XM in their fiscal 2011 took in roughly $3 billion. When Pandora says they pay about half of their earnings in royalties, that number equates to a little more than $150 million. While 10% of Sirius XM’s $3 billion equates to roughly $300 million, or double what Pandora pays annually in mandated royalties.

Sirius XM takes in a lot of money annually and only pays back 10%, but they do also have another great cost that Pandora does not have to pay: equipment and bandwidth. Sirius XM created an infrastructure for their service that comprises of not only the music, but the satellite radio receivers and the bandwidth needed to broadcast all of their various channels. Pandora operates as a software application through your internet/data provider and is available on desktop computers, smartphones, and certain cars, but cannot be used without a third party data subscription for all mobile applications. In other words, Pandora doesn’t have to worry about all of the infrastructure costs that Sirius XM does because their service uses infrastructure for which everyone already pays: the internet.

So the main question shifts from “How can Pandora become a long term viable music service,” to “from where can Pandora acquire revenue?” Much of Pandora’s revenue comes from advertisements and it makes limited money through its subscription based, advertisement-free premium service, Pandora One. If Pandora streamed more advertisements to their non-subscription customers, they would be able to remain financially viable within the current royalty rates. However, as you already probably know, one of the main reasons people switched from terrestrial radio to satellite or streaming alternatives was because of lower advertising content.

Still, others are worried that with Pandora positioning themselves as a gatekeeper for new music discovery and their public appeal for more money may give way to a digital age payola problem where artists looking for exposure pay Pandora for their priority over the internet airwaves. In a strangely direct way, this could contribute to solving Pandora’s perceived financial problems, but in a very ethically ambiguous way.

Pandora isn’t the only proponent of the Internet Radio Fairness Act, and it’s other big supporter may surprise you: Clear Channel. The broadcasting behemoth owns iHeartRadio, one of the other large internet streaming services. By broadcasting their terrestrial stations online, Clear Channel has to pay the same royalties twice, once for terrestrial broadcast and once for internet radio. Their motive is clear, to expand their service and cash in on another revenue stream, but without sacrificing profits by double-dipping their services.

Whether you support it or not, the situation surrounding the Internet Radio Fairness Act is a lot less black and white than Mr. Westregren is allowing you to believe.

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http://www.soundctrl.com/blog/2012/10/23/pandora-internet-radio-fairness-act/feed/ 0 SoundCtrl Report Berlin: Copyright Controversy Hits Streets in Europe With GEMA Protests http://www.soundctrl.com/blog/2012/06/27/soundctrl-report-berlin-copyright-controversy-hits-streets-in-europe-with-gema-protests/ http://www.soundctrl.com/blog/2012/06/27/soundctrl-report-berlin-copyright-controversy-hits-streets-in-europe-with-gema-protests/#comments Wed, 27 Jun 2012 20:20:36 +0000 SoundCtrl http://www.soundctrl.com/blog/?p=4394 by Angus Thomas Paterson The most bitterly fought battle in the music tech industries this year has been the management of copyright infringements in the digital era, and this week the debate reached the streets of Berlin when thousands took to the streets to protest against the actions of GEMA, a performance rights organization that [...]

by Angus Thomas Paterson

The most bitterly fought battle in the music tech industries this year has been the management of copyright infringements in the digital era, and this week the debate reached the streets of Berlin when thousands took to the streets to protest against the actions of GEMA, a performance rights organization that is Germany’s equivalent of America’s RIAA.

Just like the RIAA has backed hugely controversial policies like ACTA and SOPA, as a way of clawing back revenues allegedly lost to illegal music sharing, GEMA is planning an increase in music performance fees. However, Berlin’s world-renowned clubbing community has claimed the changes will sound the death toll for many nightclubs, which are the very places responsible for driving the city’s famous underground electronic community.

The directors of Berlin’s revered Club Berghain, one of the world’s most famous dance venues, told Billboard.biz after Monday’s protests that the new tariffs would mean clubs would have to pay an increase to GEMA of more than 1,400 in some instances, for the right to allow DJs to play recorded music, a change that would put the very existence of many venues at risk.

“If this change in the tariff actually becomes reality in 2013, the club landscape will change dramatically. There will be a huge increase in admission charges with an end result that many guests will no longer be able to afford to go clubbing.”

More than 5,000 people took to the Schönhauser Allee thoroughfare to protest against the performance fee hikes, with the gathering organized by Germany’s infamous “Piraten-Partei” (Pirate Party) and more than a dozen clubs and restaurants. In typical Berlin style, the protest was transformed into an impromptu rave, with the help of a few giant speakers, with those gathered enjoying a DJ set from Dr. Motte, the founder of the Love Parade.

Club promoter Sebastian Kleber told the Berliner Zeitung newspaper that the changes threatened the future of Berlin’s clubbing community. “I think this is a great event. Something has to be done against GEMA’s totally abstract pricing reform,” Kleber said. “I definitely won’t be able to afford the new prices.”

The GEMA protests mark the latest controversy to erupt in Europe this year over copyright management in the digital era. The US-backed ACTA international treaty, aiming for global consensus on copyright protection, was greeted with howls of derision from citizens, internet libertarians, and parliaments alike in January. Protesters marched across several European capitals, before the bill eventually stalled in the European commission.

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http://www.soundctrl.com/blog/2012/06/27/soundctrl-report-berlin-copyright-controversy-hits-streets-in-europe-with-gema-protests/feed/ 0 Update on Spotify http://www.soundctrl.com/blog/2010/12/09/update-on-spotify/ http://www.soundctrl.com/blog/2010/12/09/update-on-spotify/#comments Thu, 09 Dec 2010 17:56:41 +0000 SoundCtrl http://www.soundctrl.com/blog/?p=1416 I feel like every few weeks you hear news in passing about Spotify.  In a lot of cases it’s uninformed hearsay or flat out assumptions.  However, this just in from Daniel Ek (CEO/founder), “I won’t commit to a specific date [for Spotify to launch in the U.S.].”

Negotiating the terms and upfront costs associated with adding the labels’ music is laborious.  There’s no denying that, but these intense negotiations only make it appear to the consumer that the labels are the bad guys and they don’t understand the value of a service such as Spotify.  As Ek stated, “Most people in the world do not pay for music today,” and went on to say, “the music industry should be worth a lot more.”

Will Spotify make the labels as much money as before?  I’m willing to bet that it won’t.  However, that’s why labels have 360s.  They want a piece of touring, merch, licensing, endorsement deals, and whatever new revenue stream that might pop up in the future.  Furthermore, I truly believe that Spotify won’t hurt the amount of money their currently making from physical and digital sales.  In fact, I bet it might help.  But only time will tell.  Lets hope for Spotify in the U.S. by beginning of Q2 in 2011 and see what happens.

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150 Trademarks for sale http://www.soundctrl.com/blog/2010/12/01/150-trademarks-for-sale/ http://www.soundctrl.com/blog/2010/12/01/150-trademarks-for-sale/#comments Wed, 01 Dec 2010 17:00:09 +0000 SoundCtrl http://www.soundctrl.com/blog/?p=1395 Yes.  There will be an auction for one hundred and fifty trademarks.   Check out the video below and register here.

However, if a company trademark is grounds for a potential sale, could the same happen in music with logos or band names?  Would there be a demand and supply?  And more importantly, would the fans be cool with it?

In theory, such a sale would go against everything that music stands for.  On the other hand, if bands and fans can get over the fact that it isn’t selling out anymore and accept corporate sponsorship, then this could be a possibility.  For example, a broken up band could sell their name or logo to other bands to reuse, to brands for advertising, or even directly to fans.  But then again, would they be able to have their inevitable reunion tour if they sell their trademark?

The fans would be an interesting possibility especially since they buy broken drum sticks, tore sweaters, nail clippings, and so forth.  What prevents Lady Gaga from selling her stage name to a rich and crazy superfan in 40 years?  I don’t suggest that that should happen, but it might be an inevitable possibility.

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Guest Post — WHY YOU SHOULD PAY FOR MUSIC by Jon Sheldrick http://www.soundctrl.com/blog/2010/06/09/guest-post-why-you-should-pay-for-music-by-jon-sheldrick/ http://www.soundctrl.com/blog/2010/06/09/guest-post-why-you-should-pay-for-music-by-jon-sheldrick/#comments Wed, 09 Jun 2010 15:00:48 +0000 SoundCtrl http://www.soundctrl.com/blog/?p=1036 Let’s get one thing straight: I love free music. If a musician decides to give away an album, I’m the first to download it. I am against the RIAA lawsuits that sue people for sharing music. Rather than scaring people into buying music, I advocate a culture in which people actually want to spend money on music, because they understand the positive repercussions it has on the medium of recorded music, and the lives of the artists that produce it. What I hope to do in the following paragraphs is persuade you that not only does paying for music benefit that artist you claim to support, but also benefits you, the listener.

I’m not going to make a legal argument. It may be valid but just isn’t relevant in practice. A law is only as effective as the means by which you can enforce it. And, unless something crazy happens in the world of Internet regulation, no one will be able to forcibly stop people from sharing music. After all, if there was no bouncer outside a concert venue, we could expect to see ticket sales plummet just as fast as CD sales. The problem is that many people just don’t value music in a meaningful way. What do I mean by that? Well, I understand perfectly well that people value music in the sense that they enjoy it, and love rocking out on their iPod. However, they don’t value it in the sense that they will willingly fork over $1 for a song, thus helping the artist who made it continue to produce awesome music. If I’m going to convince you to buy your next record, it’s not going to happen by scaring you with abstract arguments about copyright law.

I used to illegally download in high school. I remember when Napster first came out. It was incredible. It was fast, free, and delivered on-demand music; what could be bad about that? I can say, in all honestly, I did not once think about how it could negatively impact a musician, until I saw first-hand what it was doing.

After high school, I went to NYU, hoping to become a recording engineer. At the same time, I began to record my own music, in the hope of someday making a living from it. In an effort to get a grander perspective on the business I longed to enter, I got an internship at an indie record label. There I saw artists, with sizable fan-bases, question whether they could record another album. The demand was there, but the audience was not paying for the product they claimed to love so much. This directly translated to artists not recording albums, plain and simple. Instead, they embarked on relentless tours, leaving little to no time for writing new material and recording it.

During this time I also started to look for work in recording studios. There, I saw an effect of file sharing that was not immediately obvious. Musicians could no longer afford to pay recording engineers (amazing artists in their own right). As music sales continued to decline, studios all over New York City were shutting their doors. And it wasn’t just the big time Hit Factory places; small independently run studios were going under as well. It wasn’t that they were creating inferior products. It was a direct result of people not paying for music. This led to a decline in the quality of recorded music, at least when talking about independent artists who don’t have a 1 million dollar advance to burn through.

As I saw this going on around me, I stopped to think. If I want to be an audio engineer at a studio, how can I download music illegally? It would be utterly hypocritical of me to download an album for nothing, and at the same time hope that someone else would buy one I worked on. I realized that if I wanted things to change, I would have to start by doing it myself. Hands down, the best way to support your favorite artist is financially. Of course, telling your friends about songs and re-tweeting alerts helps, but it does not necessarily enable artists to produce moremusic. At the end of the day, what good is a fan who tells 1,000 friends about your album if none of them actually buy it? Sure, those people might go see the band live, but concerts and recordings have totally different budgets and costs. When you go see a live show, it doesn’t make up for the record you ripped off LimeWire. Your ticket price pays the roadies, the sound guys, the tour manager, the gas bills, the van insurance, and maybe, if they’re lucky, the band. That form of logic reduces recorded music to a PR Tool, aimed at promoting the sale of tickets and t-shirts. And what does that say for recorded music as a medium? Will recorded music be reduced to the importance of a T-shirt, used to promote a live show? Recorded music provides a listening experience that is unique and rewarding in its own right, and listeners should strive to preserve that. Fans should respect the wishes of the artist. If a musician asks that you pay for an album, you should respect the time and effort that went into its creation, and pay for it.

Perhaps people don’t really care about how artists make their living. But there are positive repercussions for the listener. First, I guarantee you, it will make the listening experience more rewarding. You will have a recording whose quality matches what the artist intended. You will listen closer. Just like you would savor the taste of an expensive bottle of wine, you’ll savor the sounds of that record you bought. After all, good music is not meant to be “chugged”. Buying a record will also make it easier for that artist to produce another one, meaning you get a kick-ass sounding follow-up to that record you just sipped slowly with some cheese and crackers. It is, in essence, a “win/win”.

Don’t believe me? Try it out. Wait for the release date, like you would a souffle coming from the kitchen. When it arrives, set aside some time to put it on. You can end the listening session with the comforting feeling that you are enabling the artist you love to continue to create beautiful music, that you will be able to tweet about in the very near future.

At the end of the day, it’s really a moral argument. Unfortunately in the music world, as with life in general, the moral road is not always the easiest route to take. As Plato said, “[Music] gives soul to the universe, wings to the mind, flight to the imagination, and charm and gaiety to life and to everything.” In this sense, it is almost as important as the air we breathe. I urge you to meditate on this. How much does music mean to you? How does it positively affect your life? Hopefully many of you will come to the conclusion that while you may not have a fat bank account, ten dollars for a record you will play 100 times is a damn good deal.

During the day, Jon Sheldrick is an audio engineer with MuseAmi.  However, he also leads a group called Fatty Acid.  You can listen to his music (and download some things for free!) @ fattyacid.bandcamp.com.
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June is Guest Blogger Month at SoundCtrl http://www.soundctrl.com/blog/2010/05/21/june-is-guest-blogger-month-at-soundctrl/ http://www.soundctrl.com/blog/2010/05/21/june-is-guest-blogger-month-at-soundctrl/#comments Fri, 21 May 2010 16:34:52 +0000 SoundCtrl http://www.soundctrl.com/blog/?p=983 I was trying to think of unique ways to get our community involved in the blog, so I decided that I will open the doors to allow you folks to write on what you think and feel about current trends in music as well as ideas to innovate or stabilize the industry.

I plan on choosing someone from 5 of the following fields:

  • music technology
  • label (indie or major)
  • musician
  • promoter/venue
  • manager
  • booking agent
  • music supervisor
  • licensing agent
  • digital PR
  • music lawyer

So if you think that what you have to say matters (which I hope is the case), email no more than 3 blog post ideas and links with examples of your writing to soundctrlblog[AT]gmail.  Stay tuned next week for when I announce who will be writing.

ALSO, expect an exciting announcement on Monday about our Internet Week event.

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Indulge in File Sharing with Half the Guilt http://www.soundctrl.com/blog/2009/10/09/indulge-in-file-sharing-with-half-the-guilt/ http://www.soundctrl.com/blog/2009/10/09/indulge-in-file-sharing-with-half-the-guilt/#comments Fri, 09 Oct 2009 16:59:57 +0000 SoundCtrl http://soundctrl.com/blog/?p=216 piracypayback

Our friends at Hypebot report on a site called PiracyPayback.org, which it makes it possible for file-sharing nation to wash off the guilt of your pirating efforts from the night before by donating some scratch. According to the PiracyPayback crew, free music is not the answer. “While we agree that the nature of the music industry needs to change, giving music away for no robust reason lacks imagination and is a cop out – capitulation in face of the not insurmountable threat of music piracy,” the site creators say. Building a revenue model out of P2P remorse seems far-fetched, but there’s always the live show to compensate the music industry we suppose. Read the rest here.

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The Great Blogger Reveal http://www.soundctrl.com/blog/2009/10/06/the-great-blogger-reveal/ http://www.soundctrl.com/blog/2009/10/06/the-great-blogger-reveal/#comments Tue, 06 Oct 2009 19:02:46 +0000 SoundCtrl http://soundctrl.com/blog/?p=198 bloggersThanks to the advent of blogging and social media services, the normally copacetic relationship between advertisers and product reviewers has been compromised and the government is now stepping in.

Yesterday, the FTC announced that its revising its rules concerning endorsements and testimonials that have been in effect for almost 30 years. According to the official statement, “the post of a blogger who receives cash or in-kind payment to review a product is considered an endorsement. Thus, bloggers who make an endorsement must disclose the material connections they share with the seller of the product or service.”

The FTC’s move is of course receiving some backlash. In a statement to the New York Times, Linda Goldstein–a partner at law firm Manatt Phelps & Phillips that is representing three marketing groups including the Word of Mouth Marketing Association–argues, “If a product is provided to bloggers, the F.T.C. will consider that, in most cases, to be a material connection even if the advertiser has no control over the content of the blogs. In terms of the real world blogging community, that’s a seismic shift. We would have preferred the F.T.C. to work closer with the industry to learn how viral marketing works.”

Of course, bloggers aren’t the only target of the guideline tweaks; celebrities and advertisers themselves are in the government’s crosshairs as well. The FTC says, “celebrities have a duty to disclose their relationships with advertisers when making endorsements outside the context of traditional ads, such as on talk shows or in social media.” Meanwhile, if advertisers “refer in an advertisement to the findings of a research organization that conducted research sponsored by the company, the advertisement must disclose the connection between the advertiser and the research organization. And a paid endorsement – like any other advertisement – is deceptive if it makes false or misleading claims.”

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